The Artemis II mission has ended. Where does NASA go from here?

The Artemis era well and truly began Friday evening when a shiny spacecraft that had traveled 700,000 miles around the Moon, carrying four astronauts, splashed down in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of California. For NASA, for its international partners, and for all of humanity the successful conclusion of the Artemis II mission marked a return to deep space by our species after more than half a century. It was a spectacular achievement, and NASA deserves credit for making something what is very difficult look relatively easy. But it also raises an important question: What comes next? NASA recently revised its mission plans for Artemis III and IV, to provide a stepping stone mission before undertaking the landing of humans on the Moon. Much, and more, work needs to be done to make those flights happen. And to be perfectly blunt, the Artemis II mission that concluded Friday was the lowest hanging fruit of the Artemis Program. “The work ahead is greater than the work behind us,” said Amit Kshatriya, NASA’s associate administrator, after the landing on Friday night. What comes next involves more complex operations, requiring multiple vehicles, and ultimately going down to another planetary body. To reach its objectives, NASA will have to take the training wheels off. Here, then, is the status of the major elements that must come together to land humans on the Moon. Multiple NASA officials have praised the performance of the Space Launch System rocket during the Artemis II launch on April 1, saying it nailed the target orbit for the mission with greater than 99 percent accuracy. The core stage for the Artemis III mission is expected to leave the factory in Michoud, Louisiana, later this month for delivery to Kennedy Space Center, Florida. Other rocket elements have already arrived, or will soon. Meanwhile, the Mobile Launch Tower sustained moderate damage, and it will soon be returned to the Vehicle Assembly Building in Florida for refurbishment and then stacking operations for the next mission. There is no question that lunar lander readiness is the longest pole for both Artemis III and Artemis IV. Axiom Space, at this point, is NASA’s sole provider for spacesuits that will allow astronauts to walk on the surface of the Moon. Additionally, Isaacman has said he would like to fly at least one AxEMU suit on Artemis III, to test it out in microgravity. The problem is we really do not have much insight into where Axiom is in the development curve of its suit, known as the Axiom Extravehicular Mobility Unit, or AxEMU. Occasionally we get updates, such as last August when the spacesuit successfully completed three crewed underwater tests. NASA had initially selected two providers to develop a next-generation spacesuit, both for spacewalks outside the International Space Station as well as for walking on the Moon. However, in 2024, Collins Aerospace backed out citing difficulties with the program. So all the pressure is on Axiom. Eight years ago NASA initiated a modest program to pay private companies to land small payloads, typically a few dozen to a few hundred kilograms, on the Moon. Since then three companies, under the auspices of this Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) program, have attempted to land on the Moon. Of these Astrobotic’s mission failed, Firefly’s succeeded, and Intuitive Machines had one largely successful mission and one largely failed mission. More companies will try in the coming years. As many as four more of these CLPS missions could fly during the next 12 months. And NASA has big plans for these companies to scale up their capabilities from landing hundreds of kilogram to tons, as part of its initiative to develop a base on the lunar surface. Isaacman announced the three-phases of this Moon base plan at his Ignition event in Washington D.C. a few weeks ago. While these lunar services companies are not essential to the first human landings on the Moon, they are vital for delivering the cargo needed for power, communications, and other elements essential to a sustained presence on the lunar surface. For this Artemis Program to be successful, therefore, these companies will need to soon move from the “shots on goal” phase of their development to regularly hitting home runs. Tonight NASA will celebrate this mission, likely with some pretty wild splashdown parties. Tomorrow, the hard work begins.